![]() ![]() It’s a really fun part of our show because we get to show what we like and what we can do. We put a lot of effort into our unit and solo stages because those are the only times where we get to show our individual colors, talents and strengths. Keeho: We take a lot of pride and do so much practice. What does it feel like to shine in your own talent and have the members support you in that sense? But as the tour went on, as we did more shows, I definitely feel a lot more confident now than I have ever been and we’re constantly improving.Ĭredit: Tiffany Simms (IG: In a portion of the concert, you split off for your solo and unit stages and each one of them is beyond incredible. In the beginning, I felt like I wasn’t as competent since the last tour. I was working on the unit performance with Intak the day of the performance and we were still figuring out what to do. So we had to learn things very, very quickly. I felt a little less confident because we were preparing for this tour within a very tight time limit. Jongseob: When we first started this tour, I felt a little more nervous and less confident compared to our last tour. I’m just very excited for what’s to come next on our next tour even because it feels like from here, we’re going to continuously improve and interact with fans more with a bigger audience with more people. I feel like I’ve gotten so used to being able to interact with fans on stage, have fun with them, and move and flow easily with performances. Intak: We’re coming to the end of our second tour. Seeing that the group performed in the States multiple times, how has your confidence boosted since the last tour and over the course of this tour? We chatted with P1Harmony via Zoom, with leader Keeho being the translator, about what they love about touring and the songs that they’re currently listening to now. Sitting in a green room in the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville, the boys were refreshed by visiting Music City, USA. In the end, P1Harmony promised to come back to New York with fans erupting with cheers to welcome them back into the city with open arms. In between sets, the boys applauded New York’s audience, calling them the best city that sang along with them and Keeho conducted the crowd to sing the obvious classic “Empire State of Mind” by Jay-Z and Alicia Keys. The rapturous energy kept on bouncing back and forth from their fans (affectionately known as P1ece) and the boys on stage. Fan interactions were the key to their performance and at any given moment- they constantly expressed their gratitude to their fans. Shortly after, Intak and Jongseob swept the stage with their cool and ferocious raps and dances in their unit stage.Ĭredit: Tiffany Simms (IG: group reconvened and hypnotic beats continued non-stop with “Mirror Mirror” and “Nemonade.” They confessed that they put on a special performance for a fan favorite “Secret Sauce” and boy, did they show that formula to success. Keeho stunned the entire venue with his impressive vocal runs when covering “Deja Vu” by Beyoncé and the latter two boys joined Jiung in an explosive cover of “Love Never Felt So Good” by Michael Jackson. Theo kicked it off with his cover of “21” by Dean by sitting slickly on a staircase and Soul switched gears up when he sang the emotive “Hug Me” by Jung Joon-Il. The members performed non-stop throughout the first portion of the show with hits from their latest EP HARMONY: SET IN like “Look At Me Now” and “Back Down.” They seamlessly transitioned from being a cohesive team with the impassioned and forceful “Black Hole” (a favorite of Keeho, Theo and Intak) to splitting up in their respective solo and unit stages. ![]() ![]() Though they debuted in the midst of the COVID pandemic in 2020 with FNC Entertainment, they’ve become veterans in performing across the globe and they’re doing it with ease, too.Īt their show at Terminal 5 in New York City, the venue was booming with adoring love for the members. leg of their second world tour P1ustage H: P1ONEER on January 20, 2023. The six-piece K-Pop group consisting of Keeho, Theo, Jiung, Intak, Soul and Jongseob, embarked on the U.S. P1Harmony definitely has the secret sauce.
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If you’re willing to DIY your font loading process, you can download the fonts directly from the font companies. This means that they may not look as good as the fonts that are available from the font companies themselves. Second, the fonts in these repositories are often not optimized for use in Illustrator. Be sure to only download fonts from reputable websites. Some websites may offer free fonts that are actually infected with malware, which can damage your computer. So, absolutely you can download and install this font on your PC and MAC.PRO TIP: There are many websites that offer free fonts for download, but not all of them are legitimate. This typeface is available in OTF and TTF file versions that are compatible with PC and MAC. So, it will help you to create your designs like logos, and presentations, by using this tool giving you access without downloading this font style.Ĭan I Download and Use Avenir Font on My Pc and Mac? So, feel free to use this typeface as an alternative to Neue Helvetica Font. But, neue haas grotesk font has the utmost similarities to this font. Some of the typographies are really similar to this font texture. ![]() However, using it for business ventures is strictly prohibited, and you must purchase it online. This font is available for free usage in your personal project. If you like and want to use this font for your personal designs, click on the download button and get this font.Īrabic, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Malagasy, Norwegian, Occitan, Oromo, Ossetian, Pangasinan, Papiamento, Piedmontese, Quechua, Rhaeto-Romance, Romanian, Russian, Finnish, French, Frisian, Friuli, Galician, Genoese, German, Moldovan, Nahuatl, Nenets, Norfolk/Pitcairnese, Slovenian (Slovene), Somali, Southern Ndebele, Southern Sotho (Sesotho), Spanish, Swahili, Swati/Swazi, Swedish, Tagalog (Filipino/Pilipino), Tahitian, Tajik, Tswana, Turkmen, Turkmen (Cyrillic), Ukrainian, Uzbek (Cyrillic), Veps, Vietnamese, Votic (Latinized), Walloon, Warlpiri. We are providing here a free version of this font. As a result, you’ll need to buy its authorization from a trusted source. You can, however, utilize this font type for professional purposes if you want to go beyond its boundaries. This typeface sample is provided as a free download with the restriction that it be used merely for personal projects and designs. The family of this typeface is mention below. It has one of the biggest families among Sans-Serif fonts.Īll styles of this font texture include Numbers, Symbols, Punctuations, Uppercase Letters, Lowercase Letters, and Multi-Language support. This font style is comprised of many styles. The designer fixated on prominent and defined texture visualization while creating this textured style Font Family Includes This typeface is published by a foundry named Linotype in 1988. He was a Swiss Designer who has made his worth in the Typographic world by creating many of the famous and well-known font styles like Univers Font and Futura Font. This famous and defined texture style is designed by Adrian Frutiger in 1987. Avenir is essentially a French word that means Future. It has gained more popularity after using by Apple for its Maps Software and also utilizes Siri font content in their software version IOS 6. This texture is also well-known for its copy and pastes function. So, in our research, if you can pair it with avenir next condensed font then it will make your designs more elegant and attractive. It also has a friendly nature that can easily make pair with other fonts. The designer of this font says that this font is my finest work of all typefaces. ![]() After its launch, this font has become famous in time. One of the two methods for connecting Logitech’s unified mice and keyboards is to pair them with a keyboard. The peripherals from Logitech are excellent, but *nix is incapable of performing their functions (at least not in my opinion). You can use it to setup all of your logitech devices, and you can even pair multiple devices to a single receiver. In Linux, there is an app called ‘Solaar’ that can be used to unify receivers. What is the correct way to set mouse-dpi in Ubuntu? By clicking on the Activities icon, you can begin typing Bluetooth. Check that Bluetooth is enabled: the switch at the top should be turned on. By connecting a wireless mouse to a computer running Ubuntu Linux, you can use it for gaming. You may need to install additional drivers to get them to work, but they are fully compatible.ĭoes a Logitech mouse with keyboard and mic work with Linux? Linux can be used with 99% of wireless mice. Bluetooth adapters may come with drivers already installed, but they can be found online if not. If all of these steps fail, you may need to install the proper drivers for your device. Your device may not be able to locate and connect to the computer if it is not close enough. Bluetooth is a wireless technology that allows devices to communicate with one another by allowing them to be in close proximity to one another. Make sure your device is within range of another device before proceeding. Because Linux does not support some Bluetooth adapters, you may be unable to obtain the correct drivers for them. Drivers for the adapter could be the cause of this. The computer may not recognize your Bluetooth adapter or dongle. First, you must ensure that your device is turned on so that connections can be established. If your Bluetooth device is unable to be connected, there are a few options available. It is a small device that can be plugged into a mouse or keyboard and used to connect to other devices such as cellphones and tablets. How To Connect A Bluetooth Deviceīluetooth is a wireless communication technology that enables devices to communicate with one another. Finally, click on the “Pair” button and enter the PIN code that is displayed on your screen. In the next window, select the option to “Search for Devices” and click on the name of your Bluetooth mouse when it appears in the list. Then, open the Bluetooth Settings panel from the Mint Menu and click on the “Add Device” button. First, make sure that your Bluetooth mouse is turned on and in range of your computer. ![]() How Do I Add A Bluetooth Mouse To Linux Mint?Īdding a Bluetooth mouse to Linux Mint is a simple process that can be done in a few steps. Select the device in the Devices list to pair it with a computer. When the panel is open and the switch is turned on, Ubuntu will begin searching for devices. If Bluetooth is not enabled, the switch at the top must be turned on. The panel can be accessed by selecting the settings app. When you see the mouse in the Devices window, select it and then click Setup. To connect, open the Search window and select Connect from the menu by pressing the Connect button on the line. If your computer does not support Bluetooth, you should buy a Bluetooth adapter.īy clicking the Bluetooth icon in the panel, you can access the Bluetooth Devices control. Bluetooth wireless technology is now found in nearly every modern tablet computer and laptop. Wireless mice, as with any Bluetooth device, connect to the Bluetooth network. Wireless mice, in addition to connecting to your computer via Bluetooth, offer other advantages. By selecting the Apple logo in the menu bar at the top, you can access System Preferences. ![]() Make sure your wireless mouse is discoverable by the manufacturer, and check their quick-start instruction manual. It is recommended that you use Windows 10, macOS Catalina (10.15), and Ubuntu Linux (version 18.04 or later). Windows 10 includes a Bluetooth menu, which allows you to connect a wireless mouse. This can be done easily by following the steps below. One of the things that you will need to do when you switch to Linux Mint is to connect your wireless mouse. The user interface is very similar to Windows, making it a great choice for those who are new to Linux. One of the advantages of Linux Mint is that it is very easy to use. Based on Ubuntu and Debian, it is one of the most popular options for those who want to switch to Linux. ![]() Linux Mint is a free and open source operating system for your computer. ![]() Rosetta Stone TOTALe 4.5.Rosetta Stone TOTALe 4.5.5 (Win & Mac) + Updated Language Packs - All Levels.USB headset with microphone (not included) High-Speed Internet connection (at least 768Kbps) Adobe Flash Player version 10.1 or greater Internet Explorer 7, Firefox 3, Safari 3, Chrome 8 or greater Mac (Intel based only): Leopard, Snow Leopard, or Lion (OS X 10.5 or higher) Updated language packs to fix language errors Improved compatibility with new operating systems iPhone/iPod Touch add-on to practice on the go Brand new games and an online community ![]() Live online lessons (Tutoring) from well-paid native speakers Created by Fairfield Language Technologies in 1992, Rosetta Stone has been adopted by West Point, NASA and over 10,000 schools, according to the company. The Rosetta Stone language program aims to make learning easier and more effective by scrapping dense explanations in favor of a visual teaching style featuring pictures, audio and text. Quick Note: Instructions on how to install the program, add languages and other details are also included here. I have additionally included some of the updated language packs covering their all levels by adding some new levels and languages. what will be included in this is the latest updated release of Rosetta Stone TOTALe for both Windows and Mac OS platforms. Only students who don’t give up even if it gets tough and practice on a regular basis will success at mastering the Russian language.Well. It is possible to learn Russian in a pleasant and easy way. To make the start easier, it might be a good idea to learn the Russian alphabet separately. Beginners, who are not familiar with the Russian alphabet, might have difficulties matching written text and spoken words at first. Carefully selected pictures convey the meaning not only of single words, but also of longer sentences. Copy and replace cracked files in program folder Rosetta Stone TOTALe-Contents-Resources Installation and Activation: How to install LanguagePack Windows - Copy language pack. Sentence structure is gradually getting more complicated which allows learners to pick up Russian grammar slowly but surely. As students repeat Russian words and phrases again and again, there is no need spending extra time memorizing vocabulary. ![]() One has a feeling of discovering a new world. It’s because the method teaches the language through play. One can easily get addicted to it and keep learning for hours. Learning Russian with Rosetta Stone is fun. Rosetta Stone Russian: After each activity the results are displayed on the screen Apps: Especially for iPhone, iPad and selected Android devices built applications allow to learn Russian anytime and anywhere via Internet.Rosetta World: Russian language learning community with multiplayer games, chat, etc.Rosetta Studio: Live lessons in small groups with native speakers of Russian as online coaches.Rosetta Course: Self-study language course divided into units with lessons and focused activities. Created by Fairfield Language Technologies in 1992, Rosetta Stone has been adopted by West Point, NASA and over 10,000 schools, according to the company.We were curious if it was possible to learn Russian easily using the Rosetta Stone method and gave it a try. I recommend installing it, then running it with Compatibility Mode (right-click the shortcut of Rosetta Stone, then hit Properties and go into the Compatibility tab of the new window, then enable Compatibility Mode so you can select Windows XP). Rosetta Stone TOTALe offers courses for 24 languages. The secret of success seems simple: students learn a new language the way children learn their mother tongue. Department of State learn foreign languages with Rosetta Stone. Rosetta Stone is used by individuals and private businesses and well as by educational and government institutions in over 150 countries being especially popular in the USA. The award-winning interactive language-learning solution Rosetta Stone is, according to the manufacturer, "the fastest way to learn a language". Rosetta Stone released Version 5 on October 9, 2014. With Version 4, Rosetta Stone adds stricter copy protection measures. TOTALe Mobile Companion is a Rosetta Stone mobile app for iOS and Android devices. It allows learning on-the-go with mobile apps for the iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch and Android devices. Rosetta World is a social gaming service. Online lessens are led by native Russian speaking tutors. This interactive software-course introduces to the Russian language, helps gain confidence and practice conversational skills.> Learn Russian > Rosetta Stone TOTALe Russian Rosetta Stone TOTALe Russian Reviews of the Self-study Software with Apps for mobile devices ![]() ![]() A sunroof and a set of dual trumpet horns can be found on the roof. Around the cabin, there is a black sunshade covering the upper side of the windscreen and an overhang of high-beam lights, directly mounted over a set of protective frames on the upper section, covering a portion of the windscreen and the roof. Its headlights are integrated within the outer edges of the bumper, employing a set of main lights of different shapes and LED-like turn signals. On the front, the vehicle features a large bullbar fitted with a winch, protecting the cabin's front and the large radiator (which is more visible when the bumper is detached). The Brickade still inherits the square shape but assumes a more detailed design, featuring several accessories around it. It is primarily based on the MAN TGS 26.480 6圆 Expedition Truck, as well as taking influences from the MIDS 8815. The truck appears with a redesign in Grand Theft Auto Online, where it has a large 6-wheeled design with a utility rear. Grand Theft Auto Online This article (or section) refers to content in the Enhanced and Expanded & Enhanced version for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, PC, PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S release of Grand Theft Auto Online that may be absent from other versions.įor a complete list of the features of the Enhanced and Expanded & Enhanced version for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, PC, PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S version of Grand Theft Auto Online, please see here. However, the bodywork is actually covered by a texture and the actual colour is applied on the inner door trims. The vehicle is set to spawn in a beige colour. When exploded after suffering heavy damage, the actual bodywork of the Brickade is only slightly charred (although generic parts, such as its wheels, lights and interior are severely burnt), unlike other vehicles in GTA IV. This is because the Brickade is an unfinished project, which will make it noticeable for missing a few details. However, they will only open upon heavy impact. However, unlike most police vehicles, the Brickade can use a Pay 'n' Spray, similar to the FBI vehicles in the 3D Universe.ĭespite it having two doors in the front and two doors in the back, like the Securicar and their variants, it can only fit two people in it, as the back doors are not programmed to open and fit people in the back like these vans can. The Brickade is implied to be associated with the LCPD or the NOOSE, as it has a police radio and the ability to pass through tollbooths without paying. In addition to a thick body shell, the Brickade is also equipped with plating that protects the front radiator grill, as well as steel mesh grating covering the front windscreen and wheel wells. The Brickade is somewhat similar to the Securicar, but adopts a cab-over design, a beige bodywork and much smaller wheels. The Brickade is depicted as a large, stumpy and generic armored bus-like van based on Prosegur's armored vans with additional reinforced construction resembling those on an RG-12 APC, produced by Land Systems OMC. Good Clean Love Flourish Vaginal Care System ![]() If symptoms persist seek medical advice.Ĥ. If swallowed get medical help or contact a poison control center immediately. Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil, tea Tree Leaf Oil (Melaleuca Alternifolia).ĭo not use if plastic wrapper or suppository is open or torn. Avoid storage in direct sunlight or heat. Store at room temperature (below 80 degrees F/30 degrees C) or in a cool place. If suppository softens it can be placed in the refrigerator for a few minutes before opening plastic wrap. Separate and peel back the two plastic strips at the bottom of the suppository to remove suppository. May be repeated every other day for 6 days. For maximum effect, douche using 1 part Tea Tree Therapy 15% Water Soluble Tea Tree Oil to 7 parts purified water prior to inserting suppository. Suppositories may be use morning and night for up to 12 days in severe cases. I honestly don’t know that I’ll ever go back to the doctor for a yeast infection again!.ĭirections for Use: For vaginal hygiene insert one suppository daily for six consecutive days. Twice a day to treat, once a day to prevent if you need. But nothing a panty liner doesn’t handle with ease. Only drawback is there is a little bit of a watery discharge when using them that leaves a chalky residue when it dries. It stays in place even when up and active. I put the capsule into the applicator, it fit perfectly, and inserted it with no problem at all.Įasy peasy. ![]() I can’t say enough good things about these! I used a vaginal cream applicator to insert the BoriCap. ” then maybe try something on your own and quit paying their bill. I’m not saying doctors aren’t smart, but if you’re at your wits end, your doctor has tried everything they know, and they are to the point of saying “let’s try. These are a life saver for me and I highly recommend them. I used it as directed for two weeks and IT WORKED!!!!! I have never been happier with a product!! My husband called them the magic hoo-ha pills! LOL!! I now keep a bottle on hand in the medicine cabinet at all times just in case (don’t want to have to wait on shipping if I develop another infection). I started doing research on my own and found BoriCaps. I figured if the doctor had no idea what to do with me, then I was done paying for her suggestions. ” because “this” never worked, but I’d still get the bill. I got so tired of going to the doctor and hearing, “well let’s try this. Two months later I’m still itching like crazy, raw as heck, and both myself and my husband are frustrated beyond belief! I was absolutely to tears again.Īnd again, they none of it worked. I felt like I was doing the medicine hokey-pokey. This cream, that cream, this pill, that pill. ![]() I ended up on a dreaded antibiotic a few months ago and, as a woman, we all know what happened. From prescription pills and creams to actually inserting yogurt vaginally (which is a horrible, nasty mess btw). I have tried everything my gynecologist has said to do. I have fought chronic yeast infections for as long as I can remember (I’m 49 now). That’s why our healthy cleansing suppositories for ladies will help you achieve your goals without any pain or discomfort!. AND THE BEST PART? Our antimicrobial vaginal suppositories for women will help cleanse and refresh your delicate area thus giving your health self-esteem and confidence a HUGE boost! WHY CHOOSE OUR FEMININE VAGINAL SUPPOSITORIES? That’s why our antifungal antiseptic and antimicrobial suppositories will become your #1 ally against vaginal irritations! Because You Don’t Have Time For Discomfort – being a businesswoman a mommy a wife a girlfriend a grandmother or just a modern sophisticated woman should not come with vaginal pain. HERE’S HOW YOU CAN ALLEVIATE PAIN FEEL FRESHER & START YOUR EVERY DAY WITH CONFIDENCE! PRESENTING THE ALL NATURAL VAGINAL SUPPOSITORIES WITH TEA TREE OIL BY NUTRABLAST! Now you can finally regain your lost confidence and feel more refreshed than ever with our premium-quality feminine vaginal suppositories which contain natural Tea Tree Oil and other proven soothing ingredients.Īs a result you will be able to effectively deal with yeast infections dryness itching BV and unbalanced pH – without having to rely on medicine. ![]() The adamantine breastplate has both damage reduction (over and above the optional rules linked above) and AC bonus, even though one might argue that a "hit" might be a blow to the arms, head or legs, none of which are protected by a breastplate. Now while 1 makes sense when dealing with something small like a buckler or when facing projectile fire, 2 is much more likely when applied to a heavy shield in melee. The shield didn't deflect the attack and force of the weapon clashing against the shield causes damage to the bearer.The shield bearer totally misjudged the attack and the attack "got around" the shield.As a result, a failure to block an attack while wielding a shield means that the blow "connects" despite the attempted block. This would seem to indicate that the lack of any explicit benefit for adamantine shields could very well be an oversight rather than an intentional omission, since at the very least adamantine shields should be considered masterwork and thus have a reduction in armor check penalties.Īs was pointed, the optional armor rules make clear that the AC bonus for shields result from deflecting attacks. The SRD linked in the question actually omits all mention of shields in the first paragraph where it discusses the effects of the "masterwork quality" inherent in adamantine-based items. And even if you did make it stack, which would be quite unusual, it would still dilute the value of the (more expensive) adamantine armors. It would also significantly reduce the value of adamantine armor, especally light adamantine armor, unless you made it stack, which is less great. At least in 3.5e, adding one would be quite a significant change, and would make such adamantine shields quite desirable-which they arguably should be, but nyeh. Since shields are both easier to use (in terms of who has proficiency) and cheaper to make from adamantine, and light adamantine armors are already at DR 1/adamantine, there isn’t really room for a lesser DR effect from an adamantine shield. On the other hand, the 2,000 gp it costs to do so is also relatively cheap, at least compared to the full suits of armor (which do offer DR). ![]() It offers no defensive extra benefits to the wearer above and beyond a regular shield. Officially, the only benefit of making a shield out of adamantine instead of steel is that it becomes much more difficult to destroy the shield itself, and bashing with the shield would overcome DR/adamantine. The window of opportunity to surgically repair an aural hematoma is typically within a week of its occurrence. This is sometimes called a cauliflower effect, and can occlude the ear canal leading to increased risk of ear infections. Left untreated, the blood will reabsorb and form scar tissue, causing the ear pinna to shrink and deform. The hematoma will probably recur, and infection can occur if the hematoma is contaminated. Aspirating the blood with a needle and syringe can deflate the pinna, but this treatment is seldom effective. Surgical repair is usually recommended for aural hematomas. In any case, an ear infection should be ruled out as an underlying reason for a hematoma. ![]() The shorter the ear pinna, the less likely that a whipping action caused the blood vessels to rupture. Another cause of a hematoma can be a trauma such as from fight wounds, and this is the more common cause of hematomas in cats. The increased blood pressure in the vessels causes them to rupture. The pain and irritation causes the dog to shake its head violently, causing a whipping effect of the ear flap. Canine hematomas are usually associated with an ear infection. Dogs and cats can be diagnosed with an aural hematoma. ![]() Because the blood cannot escape the body, the ear pinna fills like a pillow or balloon. A hematoma of the ear flap (pinna) is caused by a ruptured vessel leaking blood between the layers of skin covering the inner and outer external portion of the ear. Hematoma simply means “blood filled mass”. ![]() Google Sheets saves the data automatically with every change made. You don't need to do anything special to save the changes anymore.
![]() Otherwise they would not have been engaged upon such projects in positions of responsibility. In relation to major engineering projects (such as Wembley Stadium or the M6 Toll Road) those factual witnesses are likely to have very considerable expertise. Most factual witnesses called are possessed of technical knowledge and expertise. This question arises with particular frequency in litigation in the Technology and Construction Court. This question arises in many fields of litigation, for example professional negligence actions where the defendant is a witness of fact but also wishes to justify his actions by drawing upon his professional experience.Alternatively, can he include statements of professional opinion bearing upon facts within his personal knowledge? The question then arises as to whether Mr Taylor is confined to giving evidence of fact, without including his expert opinion on matters.The second point to note is that Mr Taylor, like several other witnesses in this case, is a highly qualified and experienced engineer, who was involved for many months in the Wembley project.” …”I shall therefore treat Mr Taylor as a factual witness who (a) is possessed of considerable engineering expertise and (b) has personal knowledge of the roof design and erection engineering decisions which were made in the period February 2004 to October 2005.Permission has not been obtained or sought under CPR rule 35.4 to call expert evidence in relation to the “roof” issues which Mr Taylor addresses. CPR Part 35 constitutes the “rules of court” referred to in section 3 (1) of the Civil Evidence Act 1972. He is not independent of CB, having been employed by a company in the Cleveland Group for the last eleven years. He has no experience of giving expert evidence and no knowledge of the requirements for giving expert evidence. In relation to admissibility, the first point to note is that Mr Taylor is called a factual witness.A lay witness, himself a highly qualified engineer who had been involved in the project, provided a witness statement which contained considerable “expert opinion”. Multiplex Constructions (UK) Limited -v- Cleveland Bridge UK Limited EWHC 2220(TCC) was a case relating to the building of Wembley Stadium. JACKSON J: THE LIMITS OF EXPERT EVIDENCE A LAY WITNESS CAN GIVE This section has received surprisingly little attention from the courts being mentioned in passing in several cases. “In this section ‘relevant matter’ includes an issue in the proceedings in question.” “where a person is called as a witness in any civil proceedings, a statement of opinion by him of any relevant matter on which he is not qualified to give expert, if made as a way of conveying relevant facts personally perceived by him, is admissible of evidence of what he perceived.” Section 3(2) of the Civil Evidence Act 1972 states: “… the new Practice Direction does not change the law as to admissibility of evidence or overrule the directions given by the previous authorities, including in the Court of Appeal, as to what may be given in evidence.” Opinion evidence is often included, and often struck out or ignored. The judgment of Sir Michael Burton in Mad Atelier International BV v Manes EWHC 1899 (Comm) shows that it is essential for civil litigators to have detailed knowledge of what is “opinion” evidence and when it is allowed in a witness statement. |
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